Type of urine sample How it is used
First morning sample Provides a concentrated sample of urine that contains the overnight
accumulation
of metabolites. Useful for detection of proteins or
unusual analytes.
Random Convenient sample that can be collected at any time.
Most often used for routine
screening tests.
Timed Typically 2 to 6 hours of urine output is collected to give a
representative sample;
duration of collection depends on the
analytes.
24-hour Entire urine output for a 24-hour period is collected. Like a timed
urine, but used
for metabolites whose excretion rates may vary with
time of day and full 24-hour
collection is needed to be representative.
Bibliography
https://www.upf.edu/en/web/biolac/assignatures
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_chemistry
https://www.corelaboratory.abbott/sal/learningGuide/ADD-00061345_ClinChem_Learning_Guide.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10172035
https://labtestsonline.org/tests/amniotic-fluid-analysis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliva_testing
https://labtestsonline.org/tests/synovial-fluid-analysis
https://www.healthline.com/health/pleural-effusion#diagnosis
https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Davis-Lab-and-Diagnostic-Tests/425127/all/Pericardial_Fluid_Analysis
https://www.labcorp.com/help/patient-test-info/peritoneal-fluid-analysis
https://wwws.echevarne.com/clinic/clinical-analysis/specials/immunology.html
https://www.synevo.ro/profil-oncologie-markeri-tumorali/
https://www.synevo.ro/category/servicii-si-tarife/markeri-endocrini/
https://www.synevo.ro/category/servicii-si-tarife/markeri-virali/
https://www.synevo.ro/category/servicii-si-tarife/markeri-cardiaci/
https://www.synevo.ro/category/servicii-si-tarife/markeri-anemie/
https://www.synevo.ro/category/servicii-si-tarife/markeri-ososi/
https://www.synevo.ro/category/servicii-si-tarife/markeri-boli-autoimune/
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/pathology/hematology_85,P00958
http://www.clingensoc.org/what-is-clinical-genetics/
https://www.labtestsonline.org.au/inside-the-lab/genetic-testing/clinical-testing
http://www.medicalcareers.ie/medicine/clinical-genetics/
http://www.ub.edu/medicina/program/3tercer/eng/07-Microbiologia-cor_ENGLISH.pdf
http://www.nanbiosis.es/portfolio_tag/clinical-analysis-laboratory/
https://www.denia.com/en/laboratorio-analisis-clinicos-josefa-font-reus/
https://www.realitatea.net/stiri/actual/un-prim-pas-pentru-vaccin-noul-coronavirus-recreat-de-cercetatorii-australieni_5e314e15fd8f243a451f652e
https://www.reginamaria.ro/articole-medicale/infertilitatea-diagnostic
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/reproductive-system
https://www.carlsonstockart.com/photo/reproductive-system-female-illustration/
https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/coronavirus-qa-what-you-should-know
https://www.timeout.com/hong-kong/blog/hong-kong-profile-leo-poon-lit-man-020117
https://www.bgi.com/global/company/news/bgi-develops-real-time-dna-based-kit-for-detecting-the-2019-novel-coronavirus/
https://www.elsevier.com/connect/coronavirus-information-center
https://www.tion.ro/romania/ce-este-temutul-coronavirus-si-cum-ne-putem-proteja-de-el-893897/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mM_raeUVCCM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IgBT-tslw3k
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uh6nixCRcXU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LB3DlzNSr9g
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UVcDSDnr9E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5neX0YTduNQ
https://newyork.cbslocal.com/video/4420746-leaders-in-china-say-coronavirus-is-spreading-faster/
https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-coronavirus-death-toll-climbs-80-government-scrambles-contain-outbreak-n1123561
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_analyser
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_chemistry
https://www.corelaboratory.abbott/sal/learningGuide/ADD-00061345_ClinChem_Learning_Guide.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10172035
https://labtestsonline.org/tests/amniotic-fluid-analysis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliva_testing
https://labtestsonline.org/tests/synovial-fluid-analysis
https://www.healthline.com/health/pleural-effusion#diagnosis
https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Davis-Lab-and-Diagnostic-Tests/425127/all/Pericardial_Fluid_Analysis
https://www.labcorp.com/help/patient-test-info/peritoneal-fluid-analysis
https://wwws.echevarne.com/clinic/clinical-analysis/specials/immunology.html
https://www.synevo.ro/profil-oncologie-markeri-tumorali/
https://www.synevo.ro/category/servicii-si-tarife/markeri-endocrini/
https://www.synevo.ro/category/servicii-si-tarife/markeri-virali/
https://www.synevo.ro/category/servicii-si-tarife/markeri-cardiaci/
https://www.synevo.ro/category/servicii-si-tarife/markeri-anemie/
https://www.synevo.ro/category/servicii-si-tarife/markeri-ososi/
https://www.synevo.ro/category/servicii-si-tarife/markeri-boli-autoimune/
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/pathology/hematology_85,P00958
http://www.clingensoc.org/what-is-clinical-genetics/
https://www.labtestsonline.org.au/inside-the-lab/genetic-testing/clinical-testing
http://www.medicalcareers.ie/medicine/clinical-genetics/
http://www.ub.edu/medicina/program/3tercer/eng/07-Microbiologia-cor_ENGLISH.pdf
http://www.nanbiosis.es/portfolio_tag/clinical-analysis-laboratory/
https://www.denia.com/en/laboratorio-analisis-clinicos-josefa-font-reus/
https://www.realitatea.net/stiri/actual/un-prim-pas-pentru-vaccin-noul-coronavirus-recreat-de-cercetatorii-australieni_5e314e15fd8f243a451f652e
https://www.reginamaria.ro/articole-medicale/infertilitatea-diagnostic
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/reproductive-system
https://www.carlsonstockart.com/photo/reproductive-system-female-illustration/
https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/coronavirus-qa-what-you-should-know
https://www.timeout.com/hong-kong/blog/hong-kong-profile-leo-poon-lit-man-020117
https://www.bgi.com/global/company/news/bgi-develops-real-time-dna-based-kit-for-detecting-the-2019-novel-coronavirus/
https://www.elsevier.com/connect/coronavirus-information-center
https://www.tion.ro/romania/ce-este-temutul-coronavirus-si-cum-ne-putem-proteja-de-el-893897/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mM_raeUVCCM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IgBT-tslw3k
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uh6nixCRcXU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LB3DlzNSr9g
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UVcDSDnr9E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5neX0YTduNQ
https://newyork.cbslocal.com/video/4420746-leaders-in-china-say-coronavirus-is-spreading-faster/
https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-coronavirus-death-toll-climbs-80-government-scrambles-contain-outbreak-n1123561
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_analyser
Blood collection tubes
TUBE ADDITIVE STOPPER COLOR SAMPLE COMMENT
None Red Serum Clotting requires at least 30 minutes at room temperature Silica clot activator Red/black Serum Silica speeds the clotting
process compared to no
activator
Thrombin Gray/yellow Serum Speeds clotting process
significantly to produce serum in
several minutes — used mostly
for urgent (STAT) testing Lithium Heparin Green Plasma Preferred plasma sample for
most chemistry tests — not
suitable when testing for lithium Sodium Heparin Green Plasma Used when testing for lithium—
not suitable when testing for
sodium
EDTA Lavender Plasma Occasionally used for some
chemistry tests and typically
used for Hematology
Potassium EDTA
in special plastic tube Tan or brown Plasma For blood lead testing;
tubes are certified to have very low levels of contamination by lead
Sodium fluoride/
potassium oxalate Gray Plasma For glucose testing — sodium
fluoride inhibits metabolism of
glucose by white blood cells
None Red Serum Clotting requires at least 30 minutes at room temperature Silica clot activator Red/black Serum Silica speeds the clotting
process compared to no
activator
Thrombin Gray/yellow Serum Speeds clotting process
significantly to produce serum in
several minutes — used mostly
for urgent (STAT) testing Lithium Heparin Green Plasma Preferred plasma sample for
most chemistry tests — not
suitable when testing for lithium Sodium Heparin Green Plasma Used when testing for lithium—
not suitable when testing for
sodium
EDTA Lavender Plasma Occasionally used for some
chemistry tests and typically
used for Hematology
Potassium EDTA
in special plastic tube Tan or brown Plasma For blood lead testing;
tubes are certified to have very low levels of contamination by lead
Sodium fluoride/
potassium oxalate Gray Plasma For glucose testing — sodium
fluoride inhibits metabolism of
glucose by white blood cells
Samples analyzed
Back to Clinical Biochemistry page
FLUIDS TYPICALLY USED FOR CLINICAL CHEMISTRY TESTS:
FLUIDS TYPICALLY USED FOR CLINICAL CHEMISTRY TESTS:
- Blood (whole blood, serum or plasma)
- Urine
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- Amniotic fluid
- Saliva
- Synovial fluid (fluid that is found in joint cavities)
- Pleural fluid (from the sac surrounding the lungs)
- Pericardial fluid (from the sac surrounding the heart)
- Peritoneal fluid (also called ascitic fluid; from the abdomen)
Clinical biochemistry
Clinical biochemistry laboratory: Back to Clinical Analysis Laboratory page
Samples analyzed
Analytes examined
Samples analyzed
Analytes examined
Analytes examined
Back to Clinical Biochemistry page
Analytes examined in the clinical biochemistry laboratory:
Analytes examined in the clinical biochemistry laboratory:
Electrolyte panel: |
|
sodium
|
|
potassium
|
|
chloride
|
|
carbon dioxide
|
Basic metabolic panel:
|
|
sodium
|
|
potassium
|
|
chloride
|
|
carbon
dioxide
|
|
glucose
|
|
creatinine
|
|
urea
(blood urea nitrogen; BUN)
|
Comprehensive metabolic profile: |
|
sodium
|
|
potassium
|
|
chloride
|
|
carbon dioxide
|
|
glucose
|
|
creatinine
|
|
urea
|
|
calcium
|
|
total protein
|
|
albumin
|
|
alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
|
|
aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
|
|
alkaline phosphatase (AlkP)
|
|
total bilirubin
|
Renal (kidney) function tests:
|
|
creatinine
|
|
blood urea nitrogen
|
Hepatic panel (liver
profile):
|
|
total
protein (serum)
|
|
albumin
|
|
globulins
|
|
A/G
ratio (albumin-globulin)
|
|
protein
electrophoresis
|
|
urine
protein
|
|
bilirubin;
direct; indirect; total
|
|
aspartate
transaminase (AST)
|
|
alanine
transaminase (ALT)
|
|
gamma-glutamyl
transpeptidase (GGT)
|
|
alkaline
phosphatase (ALP)
|
Lipid profile: |
|
total cholesterol
|
|
LDL cholesterol
|
|
HDL cholesterol
|
|
triglycerides
|
Cardiac markers: |
|
H-FABP
|
|
troponin
|
|
myoglobin
|
|
CK-MB
|
|
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
|
Minerals: |
|
calcium
|
|
magnesium
|
|
phosphate
|
|
potassium
|
Blood disorders: |
|
iron
|
|
transferrin
|
|
TIBC
|
|
vitamin B12
|
|
vitamin D
|
|
folic acid
|
Miscellaneous:
|
|
glucose
|
|
C-reactive
protein
|
|
glycated
hemoglobin (HbA1c)
|
|
uric
acid
|
|
arterial
blood gases (H+, Pco2, Po2)
|
|
adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
|
|
toxicological
screening and forensic toxicology (drugs and toxins)
|
|
neuron-specific
enolase (NSE)
|
|
fecal
occult blood test (FOBT)
|
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